ABOVE: Dated August 9, 2940, this 1941 Lincoln V-12 engine is illustrative of the powerplant in the author’s Continental Coupe.  (Photo courtesy of Continental Comments # 95, Winter 1969.)

by Dr. Charles Burton
Submitted by Richard Koop

Originally published in the May-June 2020 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 354.)

Recently I had a near-catastrophic occurrence with my 1948 Mercury Convertible’s fuel system, which is very similar to my 1941 Lincoln Continental fuel system. One afternoon, I drove my car hard up the mile-long road to our home and parked it in the garage attached to the house. The next morning, my son come over for coffee, and after raising the garage door and coming into the kitchen, he said: “there is gasoline on the floor in the garage.” My reply was that “all old cars smelled after being driven.” He said, “no,” I went and looked, and there was a large puddle of gasoline that had flowed from the engine area out from under the car. There was a large freezer less than four feet from the pool. I opened the other garage door and turned on a fan to blow the fumes out of the garage. I then used paper towels to absorb the gas that was not under the car. Looking under the car, I did not see any gas dripping. I called my expert old car mechanic, and we agreed a carburetor leak would not have produced such a large amount of gas overnight. Looking in the engine compartment, there did not seem to be any evidence of a leak.

Because of the pooled gas under the car, the Mercury had to be moved outside. Using a heavy rope attached to my truck, I pulled it out into the driveway. Since the driveway is up a hill out of the garage and with the front of the car pointed downhill, gas started dripping from around the engine oil pan onto the pavement. I put a container under the engine and cleaned up the garage puddle. Inspection under the car revealed gas coming from the oil pan, where the oil tube attached. The gas was floating on top of the oil in the pan. The Mercury’s fuel pump is attached to the oil filler tube. It was clear that the rubber diaphragm inside the pump developed a tear. The auxiliary electric fuel pump had helped force gas into the oil filler tube and then into the engine. I have used non-ethanol gasoline since I’ve owned the car, but the previous owner had used ethanol gas, which is destructive to older rubber products. Our Lincoln’s stock V-12s don’t have an oil stick, and gasoline in the crankcase cannot leak out. However, some owners have converted their cars to Ford V-8s, so this is a genuine possibility for them.

My expert mechanic had an engine explode and burn. A similar scenario that caused that disaster had also happened in my Mercury. A new mechanical fuel pump should be rebuilt with ethanol-resistant components. You may reduce your chances of a catastrophe by using only the electric fuel pump and bypassing the original one. If you continue to use the mechanical pump, replace it if you have used ethanol gasoline. Turn off the auxiliary electric fuel pump when not needed, and pray this will not happen to you and your car. I am blessed I did not lose two vehicles and my home.

ABOVE: A 1947 Mercury Convertible Coupe, similar to the author’s 1948 model.  (From The Old Car Manual Project.)

Dr. Burton is a retired 83-year-old surgeon from Macon, Ga. who practiced for 40 years. The 1941 Lincoln Continental was his dream and he purchased it in the 1970s from the original owner’s family.

by Charles Clark

Originally published in the May-June 2020 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 354.)

Among old car aficionados who do restorations, there is a tug-of-war that goes on. Pulling in one direction are the purists who strive to make the car exactly as it came out of the factory. They obsess not only over “matching numbers”, but also over inspection paint marks on the frame. Those details have nothing to do with how the car runs. Instead, it has to do with the compulsive nature of the restorer. They insist on a level of perfection, which, in a lot of cases, never existed. Corvette restorers perhaps epitomize that approach. On the opposite end of the spectrum are those who seek to “upgrade” the car by modernizing various systems, such as engine carburetion and brakes. At the far end of this spectrum, we have the “restomod” where only the body is saved, and almost everything else is replaced with modern systems.

Our local LCOC region has members of each type, but the emphasis seems to be more on preserving and driving the car while having some personal enjoyment with it. I have engaged in both aspects of the hobby. With my 1940 Lincoln-Zephyr Continental Cabriolet (whew), I strived to do an exact restoration. Why else would I pay $500 for an air cleaner or $300 for an original taillight, and let’s not even talk about the NOS steering wheel? My goal was to make the car just like it came off the showroom floor. But this is 2020, not 1940 and things have changed. Thanks to our beloved “corn gas” and its ten percent alcohol content, if you want to drive the car
here in the Centennial State on a hot day at this altitude, it is essential that you have either an auxiliary electric fuel pump or good hiking shoes when the car vapor locks. Unless the car is to be a permanent resident at the Forney Transportation Museum in Denver, Colo, it must have the electric pump. Otherwise, the Lincoln is as close as I can make it to factory original.

The Continental is, therefore, in line with the stated purpose of the LCOC, which is to preserve the various Lincoln and Continental models. The emphasis is on exact restoration with judging and awards that foster this end. I am proud to say I have received some of those awards, even though I had to take some liberties by making modifications for the sake of practicality.

My 1940 Ford Coupe is at the other end of the spectrum. It looks original, but it has a modern overhead-valve, fuel-injected engine, power disk brakes, independent front suspension and a nine-inch rear-end, plus air conditioning. It is not quite a “restomod,” but it certainly is a “hot rod.” It required special skills beyond my ability to build each car. Machining the engines, painting and upholstery are tasks that require craftsmen regardless of your objective for the final restoration.

I have become heavily involved with carburetion in both “restored” and “upgraded” cars. I use the word “carburetion” in its most basic definition, which is the mixture of air and fuel to provide an optimally combustible vapor. Once the mechanics of the engine have been established, such as bore and stroke, camshaft profile and valve train, there is only ignition timing and carburetion left to determine the ultimate performance of the engine. The design approach to carburetion will have a significant effect on the performance of a car. It took me many years to study and to practice how to carburete an engine optimally. I am still learning.

The “old school” way to carburete a car is to use what we commonly call a “carburetor,” or just carb for short. The “new school” way is to use electronically controlled fuel injection (FI). What may not be obvious is while they both do the same thing, they do it by different methods. A “throttle body” style of FI presents an appearance very similar to a carb.

Why the change? To make the carb engine run at high altitudes here in Colorado, you need to change jets and metering rods. This requires mechanical assembly and some trial and error with replacement parts to get the car to run optimally. You also have to set a fussy thermostatic spring choke to get it to start and run when cold. There is also a power pump and fuel bowl needle valves, which need attention. Fuel starvation due to vapor lock is a common problem.

With FI, you have to make changes to the fuel pump and plug in some new sensors to measure engine performance. Once that is done, a computer takes over and provides the exact amount of fuel the engine requires based on what the sensors measure. There is nothing to change or to adjust with temperature or altitude.

For a judged show car, you want to keep the carbs. For a more regular driver, there is a good argument to convert to fuel injection. The issue then is not so much old school versus new school, but rather what your expectations are for the driving experience with the car and how dedicated you are to the exactness of restoration. That said, be prepared for controversy as “old school” aficionados do not give in to “new school” easily. In fact, they never give in!

by Michael White

Originally published in the January-February 2019 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 346.)

How does someone become a vintage car enthusiast? For me it was simple: the cars I grew up with became “vintage” while the cars of the present and future didn’t interest me so much anymore.

It all began in 1984 when I became fascinated with the Ford LTD that my family rented for a road trip. I passed the miles trying to spot others like it on the highway. I learned to identify a lot of cars on that trip and just kept doing so when I got home. That led to collecting car ads, brochures, and magazines. Before I knew it, I was a certified car nut. On another trip that winter, we rented a Lincoln Continental Mark VII. Immediately, I knew that this car was something special, and my love affair with Lincoln began.

Fast forward about 20 years. I realized that my favorite cars of the ‘80s were within my grasp financially. I hesitated to buy one because I thought it would be too difficult to maintain. In 2016, I started searching online seriously for my own vintage car, viewing hundreds of potential choices in a few months. Nothing clicked until I was at a show and overheard some one discussing a 1982 Lincoln Continental. The 1982 Continental represented something of a new start for Lincoln. It was much smaller and lighter than anything Lincoln had produced in recent years. With the standard V-8 and gas-pressure shock absorbers, the car combined traditional Lincoln comfort with just a touch of sporty handling. The styling referenced the Mark series with its spare tire hump while the creased roofline paid homage to vintage Rolls-Royces. Looking closely, you see a hint of the budding aerodynamic trend at Ford which would reach full bloom in the Mark VII two years later. I immediately walked over to ask about it. It turned out the man’s friend had one for sale on an online auction site. Within hours I had called the seller, and the next day I was at his garage looking over the car.

The Lincoln was neither a Designer edition nor the Signature series. The only major options were leather upholstery and wire wheels. Although a 3.8 liter V-6 was available, this car had the venerable 5.0 liter V-8. Like all 1982 Continentals, it had a four-speed automatic transmission, first offered by Ford just two years earlier. The gleaming exterior was finished in a subtle off-white shade called “Pastel French Vanilla.” The digital dash had only three gauges (speed, fuel, and temperature) and a 12-button trip computer, all of which still functioned. Everything checked out, so I placed a bid for the car the next morning. Amazingly, nobody else bid on the car after that. I won the car later that day. I now had about a week to arrange storage, insurance, and registration for it. I found a private garage for rent online. The state motor vehicle offices were closed on the Saturday that I planned to pick up the car. It took visits to three “tag and title” shops to complete the necessary paperwork, leaving little time to spare before picking the car up at the seller’s house.

I had visions of a triumphant first drive in the car, but the Lincoln struggled to go much faster than 20 mph. I thought that there might be something catastrophically wrong with the vehicle. I soon realized that I needed to move the seat forward so my feet could fully reach the pedals. Having never owned a carbureted car before, the whole routine of pumping the gas and cranking the engine was new to me. I knew there would be issues since the seller had mentioned a problem with getting gas into the bowls of the Lincoln’s unconventional “variable venturi” carburetor. I eventually got the knack of  starting it and within a month was driving the Continental on a local driving tour. Two-and-a-half months later I drove it all the way from the Washington, DC area to the Delaware shore for a show.

As the leaves turned and the weather cooled, the car got harder to start. Just before Thanksgiving 2016, I noticed the car wasn’t cranking as eagerly as usual so I spent Black Friday acquiring and installing a new battery. As winter progressed, driving opportunities became more infrequent. Starting the Lincoln now took several minutes and usually required the help of a more experienced car hobbyist. Sometime in January, the new battery failed. I knew something had to be done. Without a dedicated garage and little technical knowledge, wrenching it myself wasn’t an option. I located a shop that had a good reputation for carburetor work and waited several weeks until the salt was off the road before delivering it. Weeks went by with little to no update. Towards the end of April, I called with an early May 2017 deadline in mind.

When I came to retrieve the car the first weekend of May, I learned that the primary issue was gas leaking out around the edges of the carburetor. They had rebuilt the carburetor, resolving the starting problem. It still ran rough, so they installed an NOS variable venturi carburetor intended for a full-size Ford While the shop completed the mechanical work, I reassessed storage for the Lincoln. A few weeks after purchase, I moved it to a friend’s garage on the outskirts of town. It then spent the winter in an underground parking garage. Neither situation was ideal. In the spring, I discovered a public storage facility 10 miles from home that would take the Continental. Although it would be much more expensive, I now had a dedicated garage with easy access to my car. The car drove well on the way to its new home. Since then, the Continental has become the fun entry into the vintage Lincoln hobby that I had sought in 2016. It’s still not as easy to start as a modem fuel injected car, but I ’ve learned its rhythms and can usually get it started on my own in two or three minutes. I drive it every week when I can, and I’ve mastered the art of maneuvering it into its narrow parking space. The Continental has been to a few more shows and back to the Delaware beach. Living with this car has involved some work, but it’s been a labor of love. The most important lesson that I learned from all of this is that you can’t wait for just the perfect moment to get started collecting classic Lincolns or anything else worthwhile for that matter. Take the first step, and the rest will come. My only regret is not doing so sooner.

by Jim & Cheryl Farrell

Originally published in the January-February 2019 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 346.)

The name Zephyr has been associated with Lincoln longer than the name Continental. Edsel Ford himself selected the name Zephyr for the all new, midsize 1936 Lincoln-Zephyr introduced in November 1935. Even though the Zephyr name was borrowed from a series of new, streamlined diesel locomotives built by General Motors, it certainly gave Edsel’s new car the mystique that it has to this day.

According to the late Dave Cole, writing in The Way of the Zephyr in January 1996, sometime during World War II, Henry Ford II decided to stop using the “Zephyr” part of the name in postwar Lincolns. This was an effort to upgrade the Lincoln brand so that it could better compete in the luxury market. Complicating matters, Lincoln’s new model was not scheduled to be introduced until April 1948 as a 1949 model. At the same time, the decision was made to promote Mercury as Ford’s mid-price entry.

From 1978-83, Mercury produced a mid-size model called the Zephyr. In 2006, Lincoln marketed a mid-size car called the Zephyr. The Zephyr name was dropped for 2007 onward, and the model was renamed the MKZ. Presumably, the “Z” was for Zephyr.

There was one other attempt to revive the Zephyr name on a Lincoln, but that proposal was stillborn. It came shortly before the introduction of the new Lincoln Town Car in 1990. IAD, the British company that made the 1990 Lincoln Town Car prototypes, suggested that Lincoln market a grand touring car model of the Town Car. They called it the Lincoln Zephyr Touring Sedan. IAD built two working prototypes shown in the accompanying photographs taken in the Design Center courtyard in Dearborn, Mich.

The proposed 1990 Lincoln Zephyr Touring Sedan featured lots of exterior blackout trim, blackwall tires, pseudo bucket seats, a center console with floor shift, additional plastic wood in the interior, and a different taillight treatment. The 1990 Lincoln Zephyr Touring Sedan was not produced because management didn’t think the U.S. market was ready for a European-style touring sedan. They may have been right about the market in 1990, but today things have sure changed because all Lincoln passenger cars qualify as European-style touring sedans. That would have probably pleased Edsel Ford very much if he were alive today.

by Walker R. “Sonny” Gray, Jr.

Originally published in the 2nd Quarter 1993 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 192.)

Dear Tim:

This picture is actually a postcard my sister purchased on one of her many trips to San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. Having lived in that quaint town for eight months, she told me about the old American automobiles still traveling the cobblestone streets. This post card is graphic evidence of what she has told me, but American automobiles this old are now a rare sight even in that far away village south of the border.

The card, although published sometime around 1962/63 (there’s a new Dodge Dart hidden behind the steps in the middle of the picture) is still being sold at the local courthouse. The Lincoln appears to have a Mexican registration plate. It probably belonged to someone “important” because even in 1962/63 the average Mexican citizen still could not afford such a luxury automobile. I noted in the photo that the license plate is bent and the left fender skirt is missing, so the Lincoln may have already started a downhill journey to its ultimate fate. I would like to to think that it has somehow managed to survive like my 1956 Lincoln Premiere coupe built on the Mexico City production line. Since the post card was printed 30 years ago, all the autos in the picture, including the Lincoln, are probably now history. However, the majestic courthouse and city square remain the same all these years later.

Walker R. “Sonny” Gray, Jr.
Houston, Texas

Editor’s Note: This post card reminds me of my cruise to Havana, Cuba in July, 1956. In those days I was in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, and every summer our unit from St. Paul, Minnesota took a two week cruise to somewhere. In 1956 we sailed on a Coast Guard Cutter from Mobile, Alabama to Havana. This was not too long before Batista was overthrown and Castro took over.

Anyway, when our ship docked in the Havana harbor our dock was loaded with 1956 Lincolns. They were brand new cars just shipped in from the States. As I recall, there were at least a dozen of them, or possibly as many as 20. At least two were convertibles. Most of the others were hardtops. A few were sedans. They were all different colors and almost all were Premiere models. That would have been at the very end of the 1956 model year. I suppose that the cars were destined for wealthy plantation owners or government officials. To this day I wonder what happened to them.

Tim Howley

by Carolyn Burke, Lincoln-Mercury Public Affairs
Photos by Brad Luse
Originally published in the 4th Quarter 1994 issue of Continental Comments (Issue # 200.)

Lincoln’s all new 1995 Continental offers modular V-8 power, programmable audio, steering and suspension systems, and the ability to redefine the phrase , “personal luxury car”—all at the touch of a button.”

The 1995 Lincoln Continental is like no other car in the world,” said Keith Magee, Ford vice president and general manager of Lincoln-Mercury Division. “Continental has the ability to suit the taste of any driver,” which makes it the only true personal luxury car on the road today.”

Magee said that the 1995 Continental distinguishes itself by offering Lincoln’s Memory Pro file System (MPS), an extensive 12-feature “driver personalization system.” MPS allows the driver to program their preferences for features such as steering assist, audio presets, and suspension firmness.

At the heart of the new Continental is the InTech® V-8 system, Lincoln’s first front-wheel-drive V-8, which includes the potent 32-valve, DOHC InTech® V-8 engine and a new nonsynchronous-shifting 4-speed automatic overdrive transaxle.

“Continental’s new Transverse mounted modular V-8 engine is an example of world c lass intelligent technology, hence the name “InTech® V-8,” said Magee. “The InTech® system is designed to achieve greater fuel efficiency than past V-8 engines while also offering 260 horsepower and lots of low-end torque for quick acceleration.”

Magee said the 1995 Lincoln Continental is quite a departure from the previous model.”

Less than three years ago, we knew exactly what the 1995 Continental had to be,” said Magee. “Customers said the next generation Continental had to have a V-8 engine, less road noise, vibration and harshness, a modern interior and a distinguishable exterior.”

Available features inside the 1995 Lincoln Continental include:

• Dual airbag supplemental restraint systems.
• Child seat safety tether.
• 3-point safety belts for three rear seat passengers.
• Virtual image instrument cluster.
• Electrochromic inside rearview mirror with compass.
• Electronic climate control with sunload sensor.
• Illuminated door, window and steering wheel switches.
• Multifunction full length center console with burled walnut accents.
• High level JBL audio system with antenna embedded in the rear window.
• Center console mounted six-disc CD player.
• Overhead console with garage door opener and microphone for the voice activated cellular phone.
• MicronAir® filtration system.
• Available 5- or 6-passenger configuration.
• Ergonomically designed front bucket seats.
• Five-temperature, heated front seats with four-way power lumbar supports.
• Rear seat air-conditioning/heating ducts.
• Lincoln umbrella and umbrella storage.

The standard six-way power driver’s seat also allows for easier entry and exit from Continental’s cockpit. When the key is removed from the ignition switch, the driver’s seat automatically slides back two inches.

For greater convenience and security, Lincoln Continental features delayed accessory power for additional usage of the audio system, lighting, and windows for up to 10 minutes after the ignition has been switched off. If the lamps are left on, the electronic battery-saver system prevents an accidental battery drain by automatically shutting the lamps off after 10 minutes.

Continental received only minor changes to its overall exterior dimensions, making it slightly longer and wider, with a wider front and rear tread than the previous Continental.  However, Continental’s new and improved body offer several standard and optional features that improve upon its predecessor:

• Cornering lamps.
• Outside rearview mirror tilt-down in ‘REVERSE’ position.
• Solar tinted glass.
• Heated, glare reducing electrochromic outside rearview mirrors.
• Triple seal doors to diminish noise from external environment.
• Rain channel built into doors.
• .32 coefficient of drag to increase fuel efficiency.
• Continuous interior airflow exit built into the rear bumper.

Lincoln’s DOHC InTech® V-8 engine has a camshaft profile with intake valves that close later, producing further gains in fuel economy. Continental also features an available engine-and-brake interactive all-speed traction control system.

With a 3.56:1 final drive ratio, Lincoln’s new transaxle employs non-synchronous design to create smoother shifting.

“Simply put, the Continental’s transaxle does not time the shifts,” said Magee. “A special clutchplate is added to automatically make the gears shift when the onboard computer asks for the next gear. The end result is that the transaxle does not have to time two clutches, allowing the driver of the Continental to experience seamless shifting.”

Magee added that due to the forces generated by the InTech® V-8, the 1995 Continental’s body system is designed with increased torsional rigidity, as well as stiffened doors and central body structure.

With MacPherson struts in front and short and long control arms in the rear, Continental’s suspension is designed to take only 10-15 milliseconds to react to the road and switch the shock absorber units from soft to firm ride control.

At the rear, a set of shock absorbers is positioned vertically and a second set is positioned horizontally. Called the “quadshock system ,” this system works to significantly reduce lift and dive movements.

Luxury road feel is maintained through the use of front and rear anti-roll bars, as well as hydraulic bushings in the rear control arms. In addition, the 1995 Continental rides on specially developed P225/60R16 Michelin all-season tires mounted to 16″ directional aluminum alloy wheels.

Lincoln Continental also offers long lasting platinum-tipped spark plugs for a 100,000 mile scheduled tune-up.

The 1995 Continental also offers the “Home Safe” feature. To prevent the chance of drivers being stranded, Home Safe allows the transaxle to function in second or third gears in case of an unlikely malfunction in the engine’s electronic
engine controls.

With the most extensive personalization features of any car in the world, Continental’s new Memory Profile System (MPS) offers two different drivers the ability to set their own preferences for:

• Variable assist steering effort.
• Ride firmness.
• Memory seat positions.
• Inside and outside mirror positions.
• Autolamp delay settings.
• Instrument lighting intensity.
• Radio station presets.

MPS also extends to the following features which may be turned on or off, depending on the drivers’ preferences:

• Door lock confirmation [chirp].
• Automatic express-down driver’s window.
• Automatic door locks.
• Automatic tilt-down outside rearview mirrors.
• Easy entry/exit seats.

The steering effort selector switch (low, medium and high) and ride firmness switch (plush, normal and firm) are located in the Continental’s instrument panel message center.

Once the selections are made, steering and ride settings, as well as the other personalization features, can be programmed by using the key fob or the driver can use the Driver 1 or Driver 2 buttons on the driver’s door panel.

“Team Continental has worked hard to find the things that make a driver’s experience more pleasurable,” said Magee. “To the point that luxury in the Lincoln Continental means more than a power moonroof or a leather-wrapped steering wheel, both of which Continental has.”

Even the Continental’s trunk offers convenience features of its own. A tiedown cord is attached to the trunk to secure the trunk lid when carrying oversize loads. Also available is a trunk mounted roll cart for luggage and groceries. The trunk-mounted cart is attached to the forward panel of the luggage compartment and has a helpful trigger release.